大众主义传统与法制理性🙋:国家处理社会矛盾的“双轨制”

——来自华北X县的案例观察

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Populist Policy Style and Legal Rationality:

Double-track Approach of Dealing with Social Conflicts

MA Yuan

Abstract: The value of “institutional rationality” has been widely accepted and acquired considerable emphasis in contemporary Chinese policy process since the latest few decades. However, it is observed that a “populist” policy style, besides institutional rationality, is also adopted in 闹访😖🚛、缠访🏋️、越级上访等过激方式表达诉求👩‍👩‍👧‍👧,影响党政机关办公秩序🤵‍♀️、社会治安秩序,乃至妨害国家安全和公共安全的情形。在许多基层信访部门的维稳工作与相关的问责、考核中🤦‍♂️,大多数越级上访、集体上访💆🏻𓀛、重复上访均被视为非正常上访🦻。

[3] 尽管信访具有正式制度所应当具有的理念💏、形态与外观,然而与诉讼等救济途径相比🔑,仍然体现出相当程度的非制度化🖖🏼、非程序性⏮、非规则化等机会主义特征。包括诉讼在内的正式制度遵循恒定、统一且独立的正式规则,通过程序中心实现处理结果的效率和公平🎣,使行动结果更具可预见性。与此相对🧔🏽‍♀️,信访过程中经常遵循情理高于规则的逻辑与个案化解的处理原则,各级政府🖖🏽,特别是基层政府对信访事项的自主裁量游离于正式规则约束之外。许多相关研究关注到政府在化解信访过程中,与上访者的谈判、议价过程9️⃣。因此📊,尽管信访在外形上具备相当程度的制度特征⏳,其具体运作却呈现诸多非正式的特点👩🏿‍🏭。可详见,于建嵘,2015;马原🥓,2014

[4] 本文采用的法制理性legal rationality)概念,稍不同于西方话语体系中的法治主义rule of law)🍡。作为后发的法律移植国家💅🏿,当代中国的法律体系建设拥有自身的发展逻辑与价格取向,尤其是早期法律体系的发展,更多基于经济发展的迫切需要🧑‍🚀,而非西方话语中权利保障与分权平衡压力2️⃣,这种逐步形式理性化的法制建设更多体现出治理需求的实用主义色彩。这种学理区分可见,Wang Yuhua. 2015; 强世功.2003;郑永流.2002.

[5] 例如十八届四中全会所做出的《关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》中指出👱🏼,应当健全社会矛盾纠纷预防化解机制🤽🏽,完善调解、仲裁、行政裁决🧑‍🦳、行政复议🧍🏻‍♂️⚔️、诉讼等有机衔接👼🏿⚙️、相互协调的多元化纠纷解决机制🧓。……把信访纳入法治化轨道➿,保障合理合法诉求依照法律规定和程序就能得到合理合法的结果🛩。

[6] 摘自X县信访局《X县下岗老民办教师申诉材料》👨‍🍼,内部资料,本文作者收集。

[7] 摘自X县信访局《X县下岗老民办教师申诉材料》,内部资料,本文作者收集🚵🏽‍♂️。

[8] 摘引自《2009X县信访事项联席会议纪要》🗾🌖,内部资料🧐,作者收集整理。

[9] X县信访局内部资料档案,作者收集整理🦸🏻。

[10] 摘引自X县信访局《退休教师息访悔过材料》🚶,作者收集自X县信访局档案室。

[11] 部分事实与数据源自2013年《X县信访局访谈记录》🏌🏽,作者记录整理。

[12] 司法诉讼实践中,法院只能通过司法建议等软性方式建议地方政府修正自身的公共政策,即便新的《行政诉讼法》修订之后🚿,法院仍然无权对地方公共政策这一抽象行政行为置喙,而仅仅是进一步细化了针对规范性文件修改的司法建议程序👩‍🦽。见卢超,2015

[13] 摘引自《老民办教师**材料汇总》,X县信访局内部资料,作者收集。

[14] X县信访局2009年《信访通报文件》,信访局内部资料▶️,作者收集👨🏿。

[15] 正如蔡永顺教授的实证研究表明😣,抗争行为能否导致政策变更或利益兑现🥙,主要取决于两个要件,一是抗争行为本身的激烈程度以及对政府施加的压力🎵;二是政策调整所需担负的政府成本。见Cai2010

[16] 例如中共中央国务院[9120号👌🏽、[91]八字第403号文规定:“凡属冤假错案的🧑‍🧑‍🧒,经核实情节👈🏿,一律平反🧑🏼‍💻🌊、收回、工作上合理使用,生活上妥善安置,经济上合理补偿👲;对确实正当上访人员不准收容💇‍♂️、关押,不准打击报复,建国以来新老案件,各级主管部门领导办案人员必须负责到底👱🏻‍♀️,逐步予以落实,限期上报处理💅🏼、解决,按《宪法》41条保护公民合法的基本权益

[17] 摘引自X县信访局《老民办教师上访材料汇总》🥶,200712月,作者收集。

[18]  X县信访局内部文件通报🙎,作者收集整理。

[19] 摘引自X县信访局《老民办教师上访材料汇总》🚮,作者收集。

[20] 当然必须指出的是,正如图1对于诉讼与信访两种模式之间的对比🚵🏿‍♀️,亦是一种理想类型的概括,两者之间亦存在相对模糊的地带⛹🏼‍♀️,譬如大调解模式对于民事诉讼的侵蚀,同样行政诉讼领域中尽管《行政诉讼法》明确禁止调解,但司法实践中的协调和解现象其实屡现不鲜,这使得诉讼领域中的对立冲突并非是绝对意义上的✂️。即便如此🏌🏼‍♂️,与信访领域相比,司法场域中的两造双方始终受到法律程序的规范拘束🧑🏿‍🔧,而法官在此过程中的裁量空间与政府部门在信访场域的工具手段、斡旋余地相比则相差甚远。关于司法调解模式与行政诉讼协调和解现象👳🏼⚧,可参见艾佳慧🥽,2011🕠;胡建淼、唐震,2011🙍‍♀️。

[21] 信访制度正式产生于新中国成立之后,但根据刁杰成编著《人民信访史略》🫑,人民信访的雏形可以追溯到我党成立初期,尽管当时采用的信访形式多为隐蔽的、个别的🌌、分散的;此外,以红色政权建立后🎪,党和人民群众的联系更多、更密切了,并以红色政权的名义与人民群众建立了各种渠道的联系,倾听人民群众的意见🤸🏽,接受人民群众的监督……人民信访活动更加广泛。

[22] 例如中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅2014年印发的《关于依法处理涉法涉诉信访问题的意见》提出改变经常性集中交办、过分依靠行政推动🦶、通过信访启动法律程序的工作方式😕,把解决涉法涉诉信访问题纳入法治轨道🤵🏻‍♂️,由政法机关依法按程序处理🌡。